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The LAN. backbone often needs longer distance than copper cable (Cat 5/5e/6) can provide and of course, the fiber. Most large corporate LANs use fiber backbones with copper wire to the desktop. Fiber to the desk can be cost effective if properly designed. Lots of other networks use fiber. CCTV is often on fiber for it's distance capability. Industrial plants use lots. Utilities use it for network management, liking its immunity to noise. The military uses it because it's hard to tap or jam. Airplanes use it for that reason too, but also like the lighter weight of fiber. Designing Cable Networks. I guess this is too big a topic for an overview! But we'll pass along some hints to make life easier. First and. foremost, visit the work site and check it out thoroughly. Don't cut corners which may affect performance or reliability. Axen Technologies is specialized fiber optic patch cable supplier. 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With fiber, you only need passive patch panels locally to allow for moves. Upgrades are easy, since the fiber is only loafing at today's network speed! Is Copper Really Cheaper Than Fiber? When it comes to costs, fiber optics is always assumed to be much more expensive than copper cabling. Cat 6) it gets more expensive, almost as much as fiber. This 10m Multimode Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cable (50/125) - LC to LC is built with genuine Corning Glass, has ceramic ferrules and a 50/125 micron core, this cable is suitable for extremely high speed data transmissions such that you would find in 10 Gigabit. So isn't it obvious that fiber. There is more to consider in making the decision. Why Use Fiber? If fiber is more expensive, why have all the telephone networks been converted to fiber? And why are all the. CATV systems converting to fiber too? Are their networks that different? Is there something they know we don't? Telcos use fiber to connect all their central offices and long distance switches because it has thousands of. The CATV companies use fiber because it give them greater reliability and the opportunity to offer new services, like phone service and Internet connections. Both Telco companies and CATV operators use fiber for economic reasons, but their cost justification. A properly designed premises cabling network can also be less expensive when done in fiber instead of copper. There are. several good examples of fiber being less expensive, so lets examine them. Industrial Networks. In an industrial environment, electromagnetic interference (EMI) is often a big problem. Motors, relays, welders and other industrial equipment generate a tremendous amount of electrical noise that can cause. Cat 5. In order to run copper cable in. With fiber optics, you have complete immunity to EMI. You only need to choose a cable type that is rugged. The. fiber optic cable can be installed easily from point to point, passing right next to major sources of EMI with. Conversion from copper networks is easy with media converters, gadgets that convert most types. Even with the cost of the media converters, the fiber optic network will be less than copper run in conduit. Long Cable Runs. Most networks are designed around structured cabling installed per EIA/TIA 5. This standard. calls for 9. UTP) cable and 1. But suppose you need to connect two buildings or more? The distance often. By the time you buy special aerial or underground waterproof copper cable and repeaters, you will usually spend more than if you bought some outside plant fiber optic cable and a couple of inexpensive media. It's guaranteed cheaper if you go more than two links (1. Centralized Fiber LANs. When most contractors and end users look at fiber optics versus Cat 5e cabling for a LAN, they compare. LAN with fiber directly replacing the copper links. The fiber optic cable is a bit more. Cat 5e and terminations are a little more too, but the big difference is the electronics which are $2. However, the real difference comes if you use a centralized fiber optic network - shown on the right of the. Since fiber does not have the 9. UTP cable, you can place all electronics in one location in or near the computer room. The telecom closet is only used for passive. UPS, ground or air conditioning is needed. These auxiliary services, necessary with Cat 5 hubs, cost a tremendous amount of money in each closet. In addition, having all the fiber optic hubs in one location means better utilization of the hardware, with fewer. Since ports in modular hubs must be added in modules of 8 or 1. With a centralized fiber system, you. High Speed Networking. It was over a year after Gigabit Ethernet (Gb. E) became available on fiber optics that it finally become. Cat 5e. It took another couple of years before Gb. E on copper became significantly less expensive. In order to get Gb. E to work over Cat 5e, the electronics must be very complicated, and. A newer version is in the wings, awaiting a Cat 6 standard, but that. Cat 5e will be obsolete before it even gets started! Finally, we went to a. Gb. E. Bottom Line. So when it comes to costs, looking at the cabling component costs may not be a good way to analyze total network costs. Consider the total system and you may find fiber looks a lot more attractive. Robot Check. Enter the characters you see below. Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies. LLM Environmental Law. Overview. Application deadline. Applications for 2. Programs & Courses; Admissions; Contact Us; Student Life; Services. Natural Resource/Environmental Law - Inspection and Enforcement (5006).Vermont Law School No. 1 in environmental law 18 times since the program began in 1991. The master's program is regionally accredited by the New England Association of Schools. The environmental law program. The student experience of Boston College Law School's Land and Environmental Program typically begins with the Environmental Law Society’s hosting of the. Review Environmental Law Graduate Programs on GradSchools.com, the #1 site for Environmental Law Degrees from accredited colleges & universities! There are many law schools that have courses or tracks in environmental law. Here are a few of the more notable programs. Note: programs change over time. Check current websites to get up-to-date information. Programs; Clinics; Course Catalog. Environmental Law Concentration Track. Environmental Law is a complex and often highly. Our faculty members are at the forefront of many new developments in environmental law. Boston University School of Law (BU Law) is one of America’s most distinguished law schools. The core of the BU Law learning experience is superior teaching and a supportive, dynamic learning environment in which teachers. Programs & Centers; Environmental Law. For more than two decades Maryland's nationally ranked Environmental Law Program has trained environmental lawyers in. The environmental law program also supports a. We will begin to take applications for September 2. October. Climate change is a universal problem with far reaching consequences for all governments, industry, societies and individuals. The LLM in Environmental Law examines all the political and legal issues concerning environmental protection, climate change policies, natural resources law, with an overarching emphasis on the impact of gas and oil. The LLM in Environmental Law is an interdisciplinary programme, encompassing legal, political and human rights issues of environmental protection, whilst drawing on expertise from colleagues in other Queen Mary departments, including geography, human rights and physics. Many online law school programs require the. The master's degree programs available. Welcome to the Haub Environmental Law. We are the only one of the top environmental law programs less than an hour away from New York. Your fellow students will come from the UK and more than 8. You will also have access to the Lock- keeper's Cottage Graduate Centre at the Mile End campus. As well as housing the Law Library and a European Documentation Centre, the Queen Mary Library at Mile End provides access to all the main British, European and international textbooks, law reports and periodicals and also offers one of the best commercial law collections in the country. Through the University of London College network, students have access to an unrivalled range of electronic law journals and databases. In addition, Queen Mary provides free access to extensive online databases and collections including. The Institute, located at Russell Square, a few minutes. You will also have access to the University of London Library at Senate House. You are required to balance your taught modules equally across the two teaching semesters . If you wish to take an unrestricted range of modules and any approved dissertation topic you should apply for the General LLM. In the second week you will have the chance to try out the different modules within your programme before you make your final choice. Full details of the induction programme will be made available online by September each year. When coursework or examination deadlines are approaching independent learning hours may need to increase significantly. You will attend the same modules and follow the same teaching timetable as full- time students. The part- time programme is, however, spread over two academic years. In year one, you will normally complete 9. In year two, you will normally take a further 4. This can of course be changed if necessary, as the dissertation can actually be done in either year. However we would always advise part- time students to take 9. Although not recommended, it is possible for part- time students, who are having difficulties in finding taught modules that fit in with their work timetable, to submit two dissertations . This would then enable you to take one taught module per year. For more information: Visit the School of Law website. The additional 4. LLM available modules. All modules are 2. Note: Not all of the modules listed will be available in any one year. Any modules not available in the forthcoming academic session will be marked as soon as this information is confirmed by teaching academics. The updated module list below represents the result of our ongoing modularisation of the LLM which is intended to offer students greater flexibility and choice of module options. Law graduates with 2. Non- law graduates. Non- law graduates may also be considered on the basis of exceptional professional experience (of at least five years) in a legal area or an area directly related to their programme of study. Each application is considered on its merits and on sight of full application documents. For detailed country specific entry requirements please visit the International section of our website. If your first language is not English, you must provide evidence of your English language proficiency. Find details of the English language entry requirements for postgraduate law programmes. If you do not meet language or scholarly requirements it might be possible for you to undertake foundation or pre- sessional programmes that will prepare you for the masters programme. For more information you require, please contact the Admissions Office. How to apply - one LLM programme only. You may only apply for one of the School of Law. This restriction does not include the LLM Law and Economics programme or the LLM in Paris programme. You are permitted to apply for a maximum of two Queen Mary taught postgraduate programmes, so you may still apply for a further non- LLM London programme should you wish. If you apply for one of the LLM London programmes, then later decide you would prefer to attend a different LLM specialism, please contact the Admissions Office Law Team at lawpgadm@qmul. LLM programme. Do not submit a new application. Learning and teaching. As a student at Queen Mary, you will play an active part in your acquisition of skills and knowledge. Teaching is by a mixture of formal lectures and small group seminars. The seminars are designed to generate informed discussion around set topics, and may involve student presentations and group exercises as well as open discussion. We take pride in the close and friendly working relationship we have with our students. You will have a team of advisers to support you, including the LLM and Research Directors, your dissertation supervisor and tutors and your module convenors. Where will my lectures and seminars be held? Teaching is based at the School of Law's postgraduate centre in Lincoln's Inn Fields (nearest Underground station: Holborn). Depending on the courses you take, you may also have classes at the Mile End Campus (nearest Underground stations: Mile End and Stepney Green) or the University of London's Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (nearest Underground stations: Russell Square, Euston and Euston Square) or Charterhouse Square (nearest underground station: Barbican). The sample LLM teaching timetable will give you some idea of the different locations used for teaching. This is a sample only and venues and times/days can change from year to year. The LLM teaching timetable is given to students during the induction period (after enrolment). Independent Study: For every hour spent in classes you will be expected to complete further hours of independent study. Your individual study time could be spent preparing for, or following up on formal study sessions; reading; producing written work; completing projects; and revising for examinations. The direction of your individual study will be guided by the formal study sessions you attend, along with your reading lists and assignments. However, we expect you to demonstrate an active role in your own learning by reading widely and expanding your own knowledge, understanding and critical ability. Independent study will foster in you the ability to identify your own learning needs and determine which areas you need to focus on to become proficient in your subject area. This is an important transferable skill and will help to prepare you for the transition to working life. Assessment. You will be assessed by a mixture of formal examinations and coursework in the three taught modules, followed by more self- directed work on your 1. Dissertation. You will also complete a dissertation of 1. Teachers contributing to this programme include. Full details are made available on the law funding page from October . I have always had a great interest in environmental law and as my home country doesn. The teachers are very helpful and take an active part, not only in the course, but with advice in terms of the dissertation or just providing helpful information about various environmental events in London. The course is up to date with the latest within European Environmental Law. The teacher takes an active part and is very interested in the subject, which makes the course even better. But the best thing is the various discussions about EU matters and the opportunity to get an insight in other countries point of view. To be a postgraduate student in London is so much more than studies. The busy city continually offers environmental events and conferences, which is a good opportunity to visit some of the environmental organisations for example IMO. Amina Yerzhumanova, Kazakhstan. LLM in Environmental Law 2. Scholar of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan''Since graduating I have worked for an international law firm in its Kazakhstan office. By advising foreign companies doing business in Kazakhstan and working with colleagues from all over the world, I became convinced that the knowledge and skills that I would develop within the framework of the LLM program would help me to substantially improve the quality of my work. I chose Queen Mary because it came first on many criteria. The lectures were taught by remarkable professors and were tremendously rich in content. Study time was extremely active, since we participated in lectures and tutorials, presented seminars, joined in discussion groups as well as attended various conferences. I want to highlight that my fellow students on the LLM programme came from more than 8. I have formed many friendships with my international classmates.''Charles Poncelet, Belgium. General LLM 2. 01. School of Law Scholarship winner. I decided to study at Queen Mary, University of London right after finishing my Masters degree in Belgium at the Universit. Coming across the websites of the outstanding London universities I found out that Queen Mary was offering a LLM programme in the field of environmental law which was precisely what I intended to do. I also realised that the teaching staff was composed of skilful professors, lecturers and guest lecturers sometimes internationally well- known. Turning this project into concrete actions has been a very rewarding experience so far. I am surrounded by students having various backgrounds and coming from wide- ranging cultures. I have been meeting people from all over the world in the very stimulating context of London. Environmental law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Environmental law - or . While there is no single agreed- upon taxonomy, the core environmental law regimes address environmental pollution. A related but distinct set of regulatory regimes, now strongly influenced by environmental legal principles, focus on the management of specific natural resources, such as forests, minerals, or fisheries. Other areas, such as environmental impact assessment, may not fit neatly into either category, but are nonetheless important components of environmental law. Impact assessment. In this context, the term 'environmental impact assessment' (EIA) is usually used when applied to concrete projects by individuals or companies and the term 'strategic environmental assessment' (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state (Fischer, 2. Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of administrative procedure regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review. Air quality. A specialized subset of air quality laws regulate the quality of air inside buildings. Air quality laws are often designed specifically to protect human health by limiting or eliminating airborne pollutant concentrations. Other initiatives are designed to address broader ecological problems, such as limitations on chemicals that affect the ozone layer, and emissions trading programs to address acid rain or climate change. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorizing air pollutants, setting limits on acceptable emissions levels, and dictating necessary or appropriate mitigation technologies. Water quality. Some water quality laws, such as drinking water regulations, may be designed solely with reference to human health. Many others, including restrictions on the alteration of the chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources, may also reflect efforts to protect aquatic ecosystems more broadly. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water pollutants, dictating acceptable pollutant concentrations in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include sewage treatment and disposal, industrial and agricultural waste water management, and control of surface runoff from construction sites and urban environments. Waste management. Waste laws are generally designed to minimize or eliminate the uncontrolled dispersal of waste materials into the environment in a manner that may cause ecological or biological harm, and include laws designed to reduce the generation of waste and promote or mandate waste recycling. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorizing waste types and mandating transport, treatment, storage, and disposal practices. Contaminant cleanup. Unlike pollution control laws, cleanup laws are designed to respond after- the- fact to environmental contamination, and consequently must often define not only the necessary response actions, but also the parties who may be responsible for undertaking (or paying for) such actions. Regulatory requirements may include rules for emergency response, liability allocation, site assessment, remedial investigation, feasibility studies, remedial action, post- remedial monitoring, and site reuse. Chemical safety. As contrasted with media- oriented environmental laws (e. Regulatory efforts include banning specific chemical constituents in consumer products (e. Bisphenol A in plastic bottles), and regulating pesticides. Water resources. Regulatory areas may include water conservation, use restrictions, and ownership regimes. Mineral resources. Mining is also affected by various regulations regarding the health and safety of miners, as well as the environmental impact of mining. Forest resources. Ancillary laws may regulate forest land acquisition and prescribed burn practices. Forest management laws generally adopt management policies, such as multiple use and sustained yield, by which public forest resources are to be managed. Governmental agencies are generally responsible for planning and implementing forestry laws on public forest lands, and may be involved in forest inventory, planning, and conservation, and oversight of timber sales. Broader initiatives may seek to slow or reverse deforestation. Wildlife and plants. Similar laws may operate to protect plant species. Such laws may be enacted entirely to protect biodiversity, or as a means for protecting species deemed important for other reasons. Regulatory efforts may including the creation of special conservation statuses, prohibitions on killing, harming, or disturbing protected species, efforts to induce and support species recovery, establishment of wildlife refuges to support conservation, and prohibitions on trafficking in species or animal parts to combat poaching. Fish and game. Such laws may restrict the days to harvest fish or game, the number of animals caught per person, the species harvested, or the weapons or fishing gear used. Such laws may seek to balance dueling needs for preservation and harvest and to manage both environment and populations of fish and game. Game laws can provide a legal structure to collect license fees and other money which is used to fund conservation efforts as well as to obtain harvest information used in wildlife management practice. Important principles. While laws have developed piecemeal and for a variety of reasons, some effort has gone into identifying key concepts and guiding principles common to environmental law as a whole. Nonetheless, they represent important principles for the understanding of environmental law around the world. Sustainable Development. In 1. 99. 2, the first UN Earth Summit resulted in the Rio Declaration, Principle 3 of which reads: . Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost- effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. The principle may play a role in any debate over the need for environmental regulation. Prevention. Emission limits and other product or process standards, the use of best available techniques and similar techniques can all be seen as applications of the concept of prevention. In the common law, the primary protection was found in the law of nuisance, but this only allowed for private actions for damages or injunctions if there was harm to land. Thus smells emanating from pig stys. Ironically, the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1. Metropolitan Commission for Sewers to close cesspits around the city in an attempt to . In 1. 9 days, Parliament passed a further Act to build the London sewerage system. London also suffered from terrible air pollution, and this culminated in the . The basic regulatory structure was to set limits on emissions for households and business (particularly burning coal) while an inspectorate would enforce compliance. Notwithstanding early analogues, the concept of . At that time, numerous influences - including a growing awareness of the unity and fragility of the biosphere; increased public concern over the impact of industrial activity on natural resources and human health; the increasing strength of the regulatory state; and more broadly the advent and success of environmentalism as a political movement - coalesced to produce a huge new body of law in a relatively short period of time. While the modern history of environmental law is one of continuing controversy, by the end of the twentieth century environmental law had been established as a component of the legal landscape in all developed nations of the world, many developing ones, and the larger project of international law. Controversy. Debates over the necessity, fairness, and cost of environmental regulation are ongoing, as well as regarding the appropriateness of regulations vs. It is difficult to quantify the value of an environmental value such as a healthy ecosystem, clean air, or species diversity. Many environmentalists' response to pitting economy vs. Even so, there are some efforts underway to systemically recognize environmental costs and assets, and account for them properly in economic terms. While affected industries spark controversy in fighting regulation, there are also many environmentalists and public interest groups who believe that current regulations are inadequate, and advocate for stronger protection. For instance, researchers Preston Teeter and Jorgen Sandberg highlight how smaller organizations can often incur disproportionately larger costs as a result of environmental regulations, which can ultimately create an additional barrier to entry for new firms, thus stifling competition and innovation. Debates over environmental concerns implicate core principles of international law and have been the subject of numerous international agreements and declarations. Customary international law is an important source of international environmental law. These are the norms and rules that countries follow as a matter of custom and they are so prevalent that they bind all states in the world. When a principle becomes customary law is not clear cut and many arguments are put forward by states not wishing to be bound. Examples of customary international law relevant to the environment include the duty to warn other states promptly about icons of an environmental nature and environmental damages to which another state or states may be exposed, and Principle 2. Stockholm Declaration ('good neighbourliness' or sic utere). Numerous legally binding international agreements encompass a wide variety of issue- areas, from terrestrial, marine and atmospheric pollution through to wildlife and biodiversity protection. International environmental agreements are generally multilateral (or sometimes bilateral) treaties (a. Protocols are subsidiary agreements built from a primary treaty.
Integer factorization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In number theory, integer factorization is the decomposition of a composite number into a product of smaller integers. If these integers are further restricted to prime numbers, the process is called prime factorization. When the numbers are very large, no efficient, non- quantum integer factorizationalgorithm is known. Code, Example for PROGRAM TO FIND VOLUME OF A CYLINDER in C Programming. Welcome to Turbo C Programming Page with FREE source code downlods. Mainly focuses on basic and advanced concepts, calculations, data structures, algorithms, project. C language interview questions solution for freshers beginners placement tricky good pointers answers explanation operators data types arrays structures functions. This section covers the list of topics for C programming examples. These C examples cover a wide range of programming areas in Computer Science. An effort by several researchers, concluded in 2. RSA- 7. 68) utilizing hundreds of machines took two years and the researchers estimated that a 1. RSA modulus would take about a thousand times as long. The presumed difficulty of this problem is at the heart of widely used algorithms in cryptography such as RSA. Many areas of mathematics and computer science have been brought to bear on the problem, including elliptic curves, algebraic number theory, and quantum computing. Not all numbers of a given length are equally hard to factor. C Program / source code for the Distance Vector Routing Algorithm using Bellman Ford's Algorithm /*. Includes breed profiles, photos of top winning cats, information on feline health and research; regularly updated list of upcoming CFA cat shows around the world. The hardest instances of these problems (for currently known techniques) are semiprimes, the product of two prime numbers. When they are both large, for instance more than two thousand bits long, randomly chosen, and about the same size (but not too close, e. Fermat's factorization method), even the fastest prime factorization algorithms on the fastest computers can take enough time to make the search impractical; that is, as the number of digits of the primes being factored increases, the number of operations required to perform the factorization on any computer increases drastically. Many cryptographic protocols are based on the difficulty of factoring large composite integers or a related problem. An algorithm that efficiently factors an arbitrary integer would render RSA- based public- key cryptography insecure. Prime decomposition. A shorthand way of writing the resulting prime factors is 2. If composite however, the theorem gives no insight into how to obtain the factors. Given a general algorithm for integer factorization, any integer can be factored down to its constituent prime factors simply by repeated application of this algorithm. The situation is more complicated with special- purpose factorization algorithms, whose benefits may not be realized as well or even at all with the factors produced during decomposition. For example, if N = 1. As a contrasting example, if N is the product of the primes 1. While these are easily recognized as respectively composite and prime, Fermat's method will take much longer to factorize the composite one because the starting value of . For this reason, these are the integers used in cryptographic applications. The largest such semiprime yet factored was RSA- 7. December 1. 2, 2. Like all recent factorization records, this factorization was completed with a highly optimized implementation of the general number field sieve run on hundreds of machines. Difficulty and complexity. There are published algorithms that are faster than O((1+. For a quantum computer, however, Peter Shor discovered an algorithm in 1. This will have significant implications for cryptography if quantum computation is possible. Shor's algorithm takes only O(b. O(b) space on b- bit number inputs. In 2. 00. 1, the first seven- qubit quantum computer became the first to run Shor's algorithm. It factored the number 1. This problem is trivially in FNP and it's not known whether it lies in FP or not. This is the version solved by practical implementations. The decision problem version: given an integer N and an integer M with 1 < M < N, does N have a factor d with 1 < d ? This version is useful because most well- studied complexity classes are defined as classes of decision problems, not function problems. For . Repeated application of the function problem (applied to d and N/d, and their factors, if needed) will eventually provide either a factor of N no larger than M or a factorization into primes all greater than M. All known algorithms for the decision problem work in this way. Hence it is only of theoretical interest that, with at most log N queries using an algorithm for the decision problem, one would isolate a factor of N (or prove it prime) by binary search. It is not known exactly which complexity classes contain the decision version of the integer factorization problem. It is known to be in both NP and co- NP. This is because both YES and NO answers can be verified in polynomial time. An answer of YES can be certified by exhibiting a factorization N = d(N/d) with d . An answer of NO can be certified by exhibiting the factorization of N into distinct primes, all larger than M. We can verify their primality using the AKS primality test, and that their product is N by multiplication. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic guarantees that there is only one possible string that will be accepted (providing the factors are required to be listed in order), which shows that the problem is in both UP and co- UP. It is suspected to be outside of all three of the complexity classes P, NP- complete, and co- NP- complete. It is therefore a candidate for the NP- intermediate complexity class. If it could be proved that it is in either NP- Complete or co- NP- Complete, that would imply NP = co- NP. That would be a very surprising result, and therefore integer factorization is widely suspected to be outside both of those classes. Many people have tried to find classical polynomial- time algorithms for it and failed, and therefore it is widely suspected to be outside P. In contrast, the decision problem . Specifically, the former can be solved in polynomial time (in the number n of digits of N) with the AKS primality test. In addition, there are a number of probabilistic algorithms that can test primality very quickly in practice if one is willing to accept the vanishingly small possibility of error. The ease of primality testing is a crucial part of the RSA algorithm, as it is necessary to find large prime numbers to start with. Factoring algorithms. Exactly what the running time depends on varies between algorithms. An important subclass of special- purpose factoring algorithms is the Category 1 or First Category algorithms, whose running time depends on the size of smallest prime factor. Given an integer of unknown form, these methods are usually applied before general- purpose methods to remove small factors. This is the type of algorithm used to factor RSA numbers. Most general- purpose factoring algorithms are based on the congruence of squares method. Other notable algorithms. Some examples of those algorithms are the elliptic curve method and the quadratic sieve. Another such algorithm is the class group relations method proposed by Schnorr. The algorithm uses the class group of positive binary quadratic forms of discriminant . In this factoring algorithm the discriminant . The algorithm expects that for one d there exist enough smooth forms in G. Lenstra and Pomerance show that the choice of d can be restricted to a small set to guarantee the smoothness result. Denote by P. By constructing a set of generators of G. The size of q can be bounded by c. These relations will be used to construct a so- called ambiguous form of G. By calculating the corresponding factorization of . This algorithm has these main steps: Let n be the number to be factored. Let . In order to prevent useless ambiguous forms from generating, build up the 2- Sylow group Sll. Its expected running time is at most Ln. August 2. 00. 5 version PDF. It claims to handle 8. See also the web site for this program . Employee Rights & Appeals. Federal employees have a variety of appeal and grievance rights. Depending on the issues involved, they may pursue the matter within their agency, appeal to the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) or file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) or the Office of Special Counsel (OSC). Employees generally have the right to appeal a suspension, demotion, or removal to the MSPB or to grieve the action through the agency's negotiated grievance procedure. Employees can choose between these two methods of appeal, but cannot pursue both avenues. Allegations of discrimination, reprisal for whistleblowing, and other prohibited personnel practices can be raised as part of an employee's appeal or grievance. Such allegations can also be filed directly with the agency's Equal Employment Office or the OSC. Employee and Labor Relations Manual (ELM) (Updated 12/23/13) This page contains many USPS handbooks in PDF format. While we make every effort to keep this page up to date, the Postal Service updates their handbooks and manuals constantly Always. Current Labor Relations Specialist at United States Postal Service Past Manager Human Resources at US Postal Service, Manager Human Resources at United States Postal Service. Current District Labor Relations Specialist at United States Postal Service. Press Room Contact Us Health Benefit Plan t f q l i s M Home About NALC News & Research Government Affairs Workplace Issues Union Administration. Employees working during their probationary/trial periods generally are not covered under 5 CFR parts 4. Code of Federal Regulations. Except for certain circumstances, if an action is warranted against a probationer, he or she can appeal the termination to the Merit Systems Protection Board only if the action is based on marital status or partisan political affiliation. This is due, in part, to the very nature of the probationary/trial period which provides supervisors the opportunity to determine whether a new employee will be an asset rather than a liability to the organization. Employee Coverage. An individual must receive full procedural and appeal rights if he or she meets the definition of . Employees working during their probationary/trial periods generally are not covered. In certain circumstances, however, individuals working in probationary/trial periods have prior current continuous service that may qualify them to receive full procedural and appeal rights. As a result, it is advisable to always review the requirements at chapter 7. Supervisors should consult with their servicing human resources office to help them determine if an individual meets the statutory definition of . This is called an affirmative defense. Affirmative defenses include claims that the agency action was contrary to the law or that a harmful procedural error occurred. If the action is otherwise appealable to the Merit Systems Protection Board (the Board), individuals can raise as an affirmative defense discrimination based on partisan political reasons, marital status, race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age (must be at least 4. Individuals may also allege as an affirmative defense a prohibited personnel practice under 5 U. Buy a job posting today and the second one is on us. View All num of num Close (Esc) US Postal Service Engaged Employer Overview Overview 3.5k Reviews 3.1k Salaries--Inter views 865 Benefits 6 Jobs. S. C. An employee terminated during the probationary period may appeal to the Board on the grounds that the termination was based on partisan political reasons or marital status. An individual entitled to appeal on any of these grounds may also raise an allegation of prohibited discrimination. In certain circumstances, an individual serving a probationary period may have additional appeal rights. Disability discrimination, discrimination under Title VII, and whistleblower reprisal are some of the affirmative defenses that can be raised. Title VII Discrimination. Postal Service participation in unemployment related, 554.4 procedures for nonbargaining unit employees, 652, 666.25 refusal of to allow enrollment or change of enrollment, 528.1 to Step 1, 652.23 time-off suspensions, 652.3.Age. National Origin. Race. Religion. Sex. Sexual Harassment. Disability Discrimination. Federal agencies are required by law to provide reasonable accommodation to qualified employees with disabilities. Us postal service employee labor manual free download, ASM Issue 13 - Administrative Support Manual. Employee and Labor Relations Manual - Online Employee and Labor Relations Manual for U.S. US Uniforms Postal Uniforms provides high quality postal. If an employee is on leave from the Postal Service to participate in an outside rehabilitative program for mental health or substance abuse issues, the EAP counselor monitors the course of rehabilitation and assists in any. FEHB Handbook for Enrollees and Employing Offices For more information about your health benefits please Click here for the Employee and Labor Relations Manual (ELM 17.3) at USPS.com. Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces the law which prohibits employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. EEOC also provides oversight and coordination of all federal equal employment opportunity regulations, practices, and policies. The Rehabilitation Act of 1. Section 5. 01, as amended applies to employees in the federal sector and prohibits employment discrimination against individuals with disabilities. The Act adopted the standards applied under title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1. CSRA) identifies prohibited personnel practices. The CSRA prohibits any employee who has authority to take certain personnel actions from discriminating for or against employees or applicants for employment on protected bases, including disability. The prohibited personnel practices and the merit system principles for Federal personnel management are codified at 5 U. S. C. Department of Labor's Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP) website links agencies to the Job Accommodation Network (JAN), the National Center on Workforce Disability for Adults (NCWD- A) and other disability- related employment resources. Programa Para La Escuela Del Ministerio Teocratico 2. Pdf DOCperfil del adulto mayor - Ministerio de Salud - .. Buen funcionamiento de la Escuela Sab. EL PROGRAMA DE ESCUELA SAB. Programa de la Escuela del Ministerio Teocr. PDF / Digital Download. Archivo creado por: Microsoft Si deseas recibir el programa de la escuela para 2013. Referencias al Programa de la Escuela del Ministerio Teocr. Referencias al Programa de la Escuela del Ministerio Teocr 1 Programa de la Escuela del Ministerio Teocr Programa De La Escuela Del. Escuela teocratica 2011 pdf -. Nuestro ministerio del reino septiembre 2013 pdf. PROGRAMA DE LA ESCUELA DEL. Programa de la Escuela del Ministerio Teocr. Bosquejo Discurso Especial 2013. Toda Escritura es inspirada de Dios y provechosa.pdf. The YaST Patch CD Update module is an appendage of the YaST Online Update module. YaST Patch CD Update runs YaST Online Update with two preset installation sources: User-Defined Location & cd:///. If you have a patch cd. To open the YaST Online Update dialog, start YaST and select Software . Alternatively, start it from the command line with yast2 online. The Online Update window consists of four sections. Uninstall a patch using zypper July 11th. Replace openSUSE-2016-XXX with the update in question. All involved packages are installed in a prior version. This, of course, is an alternative to using Btrfs snapshots. A quilt-like series of patches plus scripts and.spec files to produce the kernel RPM package. If you are looking for a ready-to-use kernel tree, have a look at https://github.com/openSUSE/kernel http://kernel.opensuse.org/. The current patches for openSUSE. As a patch can consist of several packages. Applying Patches with YaST Online Update. Comments for openSUSE:12.1:Update (0) Locations. Projects; Search; Status Monitor; Help. Open Build Service; OBS Manuals; openSUSEs OBS Portal; Reporting a Bug; Contact. Mailing List; Forums; Chat (IRC) Twitter. With openSUSE, you have a voice and can easily contribute to the project. Whether you are an experienced Linux developer or an end user get involved in the openSUSE project. Join a forum, maintain and keep our wiki up-to. How to update SUSE LINUX Professional. Novell is now a part of Micro Focus. ZENworks Patch Management. To launch YaST Online Update go to YaST2 > Software > YaST Online Update or click on the SUSE Watcher icon. Modernize your infrastructure with SUSE Linux Enterprise servers, Openstack cloud technology for IaaS, and SUSE's software-defined storage. How to update to SLES/SLED 1. SP2. This document (7. Like SLE 1. 0 Service Pack 1, Service Pack 2 is a full product; a variety of methods for updating a system exist. Don't panic: This document is quite long and detailed, but don't be afraid. In fact the update procedure is very simple, straight- forward and (in most cases) self- explaining. Just pick the method that suits your needs best and start with it. Important note: After completing any form of update, look at the contents of the file /var/adm/rpmconfigcheck. This file contains a list of configuration files that could not be updated automatically. These files must be checked and the configurations adjusted manually. Updating OES2. You can find detailed instructions on how to upgrade an OES system in the OES2 SP1 product documentation under https: //www. Procedure for updating from SLES 8. There is no supported direct upgrade path from SLES8. To update a SLES8 installation, first update to SLES9. Refer to the SLES9 documentation for details. Procedure for updating from SLES 9. The only way to update a SLES 9 system (SLES9 version GA, SP3 and SP4) can be done by booting from a SLE 1. SP2 media. See the respective section below. Procedure for updating from NLD 9. The only way to update an NLD 9 system can be done by updating to NLD9 SP4 first, followed by updating to SLED 1. SP2 by booting from the SLE 1. SP2 installation media. This is the only way it has been tested. Procedure for updating from SLES 1. SLED 1. 0There is no supported direct migration path from SLES/SLED 1. GA to Service Pack 2. You have to perform an update to Service Pack 1 first. This is the only way it has been tested. The recommended way to update a GA system to SP2 level is by using the SP1 boot media to update to SP1 followed by using the SP2 boot media to update to SP2. Procedure for updating from SLES 1. Service Pack 1 and SLED 1. Service Pack 1. There are different supported ways for updating a Su. SE Linux Enterprise 1. SP1 system to SP2. You can either update to SP2 by using the online update tools to download patches or update using an SP2 installation media. For installing SP2 by downloading patches, the following tools are supported: 1) Ya. ST Online Update (YOU) 2) zen- updater 3) rug Alternatively, you can download the full SP2 media (CD or DVD ISO image) and use one of the following procedures, especially in case of environments without network access: 4) by booting from SLES/SLED 1. SP2 media 5) by using . There is no automatic way to revert changes. Furthermore, the server has to be connected online during the whole update process. Prerequisites: You have to make sure to have your system registered. If you have not done this already, you can either do so by using the . This will add an update source to your system. Update by using Ya. ST Online Update. Start the Online- Update module (YOU) from the Ya. ST control center. Press 'Accept' to apply updates with 'package management' flag set. Among others, this will install SLE 1. SP2 maintenance stack updates (Patch 'slesp. After installing those, YOU will restart itself. Press 'Accept' to apply all available updates that are available for SP1. This may also install a new kernel, so you should reboot the system after applying this one. Start the Online- Update module from the Ya. ST control center again. Do not select any other patch at the same time - except for for additional migration patches for add- on products. If an add- on product (e. The migration of the add- on product should be done at the same time as the base product, otherwise there would be rpm dependency conflicts. After the patch is installed, YOU will close. Start the Online- Update module from the Ya. ST control center again. Amongst others patches, 'slesp. Apply these patches to bring the system to SP2 level. Reboot the system. Update by using zen- updater. Start zen- updater from the system tray. Apply updates with 'package management' flag ('slesp. At this point, an 'rczmd restart' and a restart of the zen- updater application might be necessary. Apply all maintenance updates that are available up to this point. This may also install a new kernel (a subsequent reboot is recommended). Select the 'move- to- sles. If add- on products are installed, migration patches for these will be selected automatically. Select . Apply these patches to bring the system to SP2 level. Reboot the system. Update by using rug. Open a root shell. It is recommended to quit zen- updater. Do not only close it's window! If unsure, run 'killall zen- updater'. Run 'rug in - t patch slesp. This will update the maintenance stack. Run 'sleep 4. 0 & & rug ping - a' to wait for the ZMD to wake up after it's restart. Run 'rug in - t patch move- to- sles. Run 'rug refresh & & rug ping - a'. Run 'rug up - t patch' to update more packages with 'packagemanagement flag' set. Run 'sleep 2. 40 & & rug ping - a' in order to wait for ZMD to become responsive again. Run 'rug up - t patch' again. The following script can be used as a base for a complete unattended update from SP1 to SP2: #!/bin/bashset - xrug in - y - t patch slesp. For SLED use sledp. For SLED use move- to- sled. EOFn # For an automatic reboot after the migration, you may change 'n' to 'y'EOFTechnical background. As a general technical background, these are the steps involved when updating by using Ya. ST online update, zen- updater, or rug. The packagemanagement software itself is updated first (patches slesp. SLED: sledp. 1- libzypp, sledp. The patch to enable migration to SP2 needs to be applied explicitly. This patch is called 'move- to- sles. It is an optional patch and therefore it is not preselected. The patch installs the SP2- migration product marker. A log of the operation of this patch is kept as /var/log/Ya. ST2/move- to- sles. Furtheron 'suse. Additionally for SLED, third- party vendor packages (ATI, NVIDIA, ..) are added. At this point, the installation source may need to be adapted if add- on products, repositories of other vendors or other third party repositories were configured. The online tools now offer two patches to move the system to SP2: The 'slesp. It furtheron calls 'suse. A log of the operation of this patch is stored as /var/log/Ya. ST2/product- sles. As a result, there are now three channels listed: The SLE 1. SP1 installation source The SLES1. SP2- Online/SLED1. SP2- Online catalog, which contains the software which was necessary to perform the actual update to SP2. The SLES1. 0- SP2- Updates/SLED1. SP2- Updates catalog, which contains software updates published after the release of SP2. Both, the SLE 1. 0 SP1 catalog and the SP2- Online catalog now act as the installation source. If the system has been updated from a SLE 1. GA version previously, additionally the SLES1. SP1- Online/SLED1. SP1- Online catalog exists. In order to simplify this setup you can substitute certain catalogs by the SLES1. SP2- Pool/SLED1. 0- SP2- Pool catalog. SP2- Pool is a rpm- md repository containing all packages from the SP2 media (It does not contain the patches for migration). By default, the catalog is returned as unsubscribed and not added to Ya. ST. So, when the system is on SP2 level, one possible setup is to remove the SLE 1. GA / SLE1. 0 SP1 installation source catalog, the SP1- Online and the SP2- Online catalogs and to use the SLES1. SP2- Pool / SLED1. SP2- Pool catalog instead. Note not to remove the SP2- Updates catalog! The document Which software catalogs to mirror with Subscription Management Tool explains the different catalogs and which ones that are needed in the various scenarios of installation sources and update paths in more detail. Update to SP2 using patches by using Subscription Management Tool for SUSE Linux Enterprise. As an alternative to downloading the updates for each single client system from the Novell update server, it is possible to use Subscription Management Tool for SUSE Linux Enterprise to mirror the updates to a local server. This tool acts as Novell Customer Center proxy both for client registrations and as software update repository. It runs on a SLES 1. SP2 server and the Novell Appnote Keep your SUSE Linux Desktops, Servers and OES Servers Updated with Subscription Management Tool for SUSE Linux Enterprise gives an overview of its features as well as instructions on how to implement it. Update using an SP2 installation media. Please obtain the ISO images from http: //download. Update by booting from a SLES/SLED 1. SP2 media. To start the standard update from CD- ROM or DVD, reboot your computer with this medium in your CD- ROM or DVD drive. Perform a system update instead of a fresh installation. To achive this, select . SLE 1. 0 Service- Pack 2 is a complete product. So it can be added to an Installation Server in the same way as every other SUSE LINUX Enterprise Product. The procedure on how to setup an installation server and to add the service pack is described in the Installation Notes for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server/Desktop 1. SP2. You will find this document in the file README on the first DVD. For SLES see chapter . For SLED, see chapter 6. README. You will find a more detailled guide in the documentation of your SLES9/SLES1. GA version. For SLES1. This document is also available online under https: //www. For SLES9 you find this chapter in the file docu/en/manual. To start the update, go ahead as follows: You need a bootable medium to initialize the process. Booting via network/PXE is also possible. For ready- to- apply configuration examples for PXE boot, see chapter 4. SLES1. 0 documentation mentioned above (online available at https: //www. Boot the machine and choose . If your installation source is announced via SLP, enter . After the machine boots, it shows a selection of install options it has found via SLP. If SLP is not configured on your installation server, you have to enter the IP and path to your installation source to the . The site is experiencing issues and is unable to fulfill your request at this time. If this problem persists please contact customer support. Digital Media Major and Undergraduate Degree Program Information; Digital Media Major and Undergraduate Degree Program Information. Host, Robert Resnik loves musical . You can also count on All.. 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Elena See began her radio career in Minnesota in 2. Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion. She edited and contributed to the comedic scripts on the show, worked on the website and, for.. As a composer, James Stewart is interested in many different genres of music; writing for rock bands, symphony orchestras and everything in between. While in school at St. Olaf College, his love of classical music earned him his first . She moved on to stations in.. Scott Blankenship started his radio career in college when he began working as a volunteer at a local cable radio station, announcing alternative and new rock music. His love and appreciation of classical music began at public radio station.. Valerie Kahler came to the Classical 2. KNAU in Flagstaff, Arizona. She holds a degree in cello performance and plays piano in self- defense, but feels most at home in front.. Veteran host Walter Parker presents the best in classical music, from familiar favorites to little- known gems. Regular live performances from the VPR Performance Studio add spice to the repertoire. Browse Walter's playlists below. For.. Ward Jacobson has enjoyed a radio career spanning over two decades as a morning show host and sportscaster, as well asproducer/host of an interview program where he chatted up both localand national authors, musicians, politicians, and.. In performances at home and around the globe, The Cleveland Orchestra remains one of the most sought after performing ensembles in the world and Northeast Ohio’s most visible international ambassador. In concerts at its winter home at.. More than 5. 0 commentators provide perspective and opinion about current events, topics of interest, and often showcase the work of writers and storytellers. The VPR Commentary Series is produced by Betty Smith- Mastaler. Dorothy's List is VPR's Book Club for Kids. Bill Mc. Glaughlin's in- depth knowledge of and deep passion for classical music, along with his enthusiasm, imagination, and spontaneity, guide you through a new musical theme each week on Exploring.. The night sky is endlessly fascinating, whether you consider it a giant connect- the- dots game or a path to better understanding our universe. VPR helps you learn more about the night sky with Check out the new Eye On The Sky website: it has a new design; it works across devices, from PCs to smartphones; the navigation is streamlined for easy access to text.. Fresh Air opens the window on contemporary arts and issues with guests from worlds as diverse as literature and economics. Reuben takes you on a new adventure every Friday night, exploring the great American invention called jazz. Each week, pre- collegiate musicians' stunning individual performances are.. From the transcendent sounds of Anonymous 4 and the sublime realm of Chant to the passion of an Italian Baroque violin sonata, the world of Early Music is drawing new listeners in unprecedented numbers. A mix of ambient, electronic, world, new age, classical and experimental music, Hearts Of Space is recognized as the original, most widely heard, premiere showcase for . Here & Now combines the best in news journalism with intelligent, broad- ranging conversation to form a fast- paced.. Jazz. 24 features the greatest jazz artists of all time, like Miles Davis, Billie Holiday and Dave Brubeck; as well as today’s top talents, like Wynton Marsalis, Diana Krall and Pat Metheny. You'll also find some surprises from time to time.. Live From The Fort is a music video series by Vermont Public Radio. The intimate performances, recorded at VPR studios in Colchester's historic Fort Ethan Allen, provide an.. In- depth focus on the latest business news both nationally and internationally, the global economy, and wider events linked to the financial markets. The only national daily business news program originating from the West Coast, Technology is reshaping our world; Marketplace Tech Report explores how through a daily four minute program, podcast, Marketplace Weekend brings the week's economic headlines home by looking at those matters with wit and wisdom. The weekly, hour- long program offers a mix of feature.. All this summer VPR has been connecting you with the candidates for higher office, bringing you the latest from the campaigns and conversations with the leading candidates. To help you prepare for Tuesday's primary, check out our new . I love talking sports, and I've been known to express an almost imperceptible preference for. |
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January 2017
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